Related Papers
Employment and Equity Edited by
Berrin Ataman, Serter ORAN, Brigita Stanikuniene, Ozge Kantas, Güven Savul, Sinan Borluk
Berrin Ataman, Ausra Repeckiene, Cihan Kart, Serter ORAN, Brigita Stanikuniene, Ozge Kantas, Güven Savul, Sinan Borluk
Employment and Equity
Sector Switch and Domestic Outsourcing in the Manufacturing Industries of Turkey: The Case of Secondary Cities during the 2000s
Utku Balaban
This article investigates the transformation of the manufacturing industries in Turkey during the 2000s with a comparative assessment about the changing relationship between major exporting cities and the secondary cities of Turkey; i.e. the industrializing cities that minimally benefi t from the spillover eff ects of the traditional centers of industry. The exercise illustrates two trends. The fi rst one is the switch from medium-high technology sectors to medium-low and low technology sectors in the second half of the 2000s. This transformation corresponds to an increasing share of the energy-intensive sectors in the country’s export volume. The second one is a particular type of domestic outsourcing both at the enterprise and city level. In particular among those assessed in this article, the most successful secondary city (Gaziantep) expanded its manufacturing output thanks to the high performance of its low technology and energy-dependent sectors. Embarking on these two trends together, the article argues that the outsourcing from North Atlantic to the low- and middle-income countries such as Turkey took a new form since the late 1990s. In fact, Turkey is now in a second wave of post-war globalization. The fi rst wave between the early 1970s and the 2008 crisis was marked by the outsourcing of the labor-intensive activities from the North Atlantic region. The second wave that began in the late 1990s is now based on the outsourcing of the energy- and resource-intensive activities to the rest of the world. This geographical shift of such activities to Turkey accelerated after the fi nancial crisis in 2008 and contributed to the spatial distribution of industrial sectors among Turkey’s traditional industrial centers and its secondary cities.
Growth and Employment in Turkey- ILO Issues Paper
Erinc Yeldan
Mapping and analysis of types of migration from CEE countries: Comparative report
Deniz Sert
The interplay between the minimum wage and collective bargaining in the Netherlands : An overview and a case study of three sectors
2017 •
Paul De Beer
This paper aims to provide a detailed picture in three parts of the statutory minimum wage in the Netherlands that provides a legally minimum level of pay which is binding for all sectors. First, we show how it was legally established in the 1960s and subsequently complemented with an extensive set of youth minimum wages, what the rules are that affect its uprating and how these are influenced by trade unions and employers’ associations. We examine how the level and the employment incidence of the minimum wage have evolved since the 1960s to gauge its significance for the development and distribution of wage earnings, including the incidence of low pay. In addition we consider briefly its relationship to personal and household incomes. Secondly, we discuss how the minimum wage relates to collective labour agreements, many of which stipulate wage scales which start at a higher level than the minimum wage. Particular attention is paid to the gap between the lowest wage scales and the ...
Erwerbsverlauf und sozialer Schutz in Europa
Retention and Reintegration of Older Workers into the Labour Market : What Works Best?
Regina Konle-Seidl
The Shadow Economy in Portugal: An Analysis Using the MIMIC Model
2013 •
Samuel Pereira
The purpose of this working paper is to identify the main factors that are at the origin of the Shadow Economy in Portugal, and to analyze its evolution over the period between 1977 and 2011. For the econometric analysis we used the Structural Model of Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes - MIMIC, which was developed by Joreskog, Karl G. and Arthur S. Goldberg (1975). The Structural Model of Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) is a special case of the models of structural equations (SEM – Structural Equation Models) allowing the specification of statistical relationships between causal variables (observed) and latent variables (non-observed), which in turn affect, in an indirect way, a set of observed indicators. The conclusion is that, among the selected causal variables in this working paper, the unemployment rate and the subsidies granted to enterprises are the ones that contribute the most to the evolution of the Shadow Economy. It is also concluded that the share...
Inequality and the Chinese elite: Between international convergence and national divergence
2021 •
Paul Segal
This paper considers the position of the Chinese elite in both national and international contexts. I show that the Chinese elite has converged with the global elite in terms of their incomes, and that many senior Chinese executives are at least as well paid as their counterparts in rich countries. Their insertion into the global elite is further demonstrated by their increasing participation in the World Economic Forum. But this international convergence has been mirrored by national divergence: economic inequality has risen within China, extending the distance between elites and the rest of the population. I show that for top income groups, the relative cost of employing a median wage worker for their personal service has plummeted, increasing their entitlements over labor and thus their capacity to dominate their compatriots. This has been accompanied by a dramatic rise in the reliance of the elite on domestic workers, a traditional symbol of social inequality. Thus the convergen...
International Productivity Monitor
Firm-level Productivity Differences: Insights from the OECD’s MultiProd Project
2017 •
Giuseppe Berlingieri
Productivity plays a central role in shaping the welfare of societies and the competitiveness of countries. Productivity differences, for instance, explain a large share of the differences in income per capita across countries. This paper investigates the role of productivity heterogeneity across 18 countries over the period 2001-2012. In particular, it analyses the evidence that emerges from the distributed micro-data approach carried out in the OECD MultiProd project. The main outcome of the project is a unique dataset of harmonised crosscountry moments that are representative for the population of firms and comparable across countries even at a detailed industry level. We look at the 90-10 percentile ratio of LP and MFP and show that: i) productivity dispersion is high in both manufacturing and nonfinancial market services; ii) it has increased over time, especially in services; iii) a substantial part of this dispersion comes from differences among firms within the same sector o...
